Learn what Pad Thermal really means in electronics and how it works in different contexts. This guide explains the differences between thermal pads and paste, how IC thermal pads improve chip cooling, and how PCB thermal relief pads enhance solderability — with practical design tips for better heat dissipation and reliability.

Learn how to use Saturn PCB Toolkit to calculate impedance, trace width, and temperature rise—plus fix Altium differences and avoid asymmetric stripline pitfalls.

Master PCB ground plane design—learn clear rules for return paths, avoid ground plane splits, fix EMI problems, and apply practical RF PCB tips to boost signal integrity and speed up debugging.

Discover how graphics card PCBs are engineered: layer stack-ups, impedance control, BGA assembly, and thermal solutions — plus real case notes and handy checklists.

Type 3 Multilayer PCB board stack-up explained: compare copper-foil, core-based and odd-layer laminations with tips on impedance, warpage and cost.