Learn what a relay is, how it works, and how to wire & test 4/5-pin and DPDT relays. Clear diagrams, step-by-step testing, relay tester tips, and pro PCB advice.
How PCB dielectric materials (Dk/Df) shape high-speed signal integrity: rise time, bandwidth, eye diagrams and loss — plus material choices for 10+Gbps designs.
Practical PCB board testing guide—compare ICT, Flying Probe, AOI and AXI; learn DFT tips, step-by-step testing, and how to validate prototypes to reduce rework.
Turn Blank PCB and Parts into a working PCBA: a clear 7-step guide with parts list, sourcing & cost tips, assembly checklist, and fast prototyping advice.
Discover how Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) enhances quality, reduces defects, and supports smart manufacturing in PCB production. Learn about AOI technology, 2D vs 3D systems, key benefits, ROI, and future trends in electronics inspection.
Discover what Solder Paste Inspection (SPI) is, how 3D SPI outperforms 2D systems, and why it’s essential for boosting SMT yield, reducing defects, and enabling smart factory integration.
Flying Probe Testing offers a fast, fixture-free solution for prototype and low-volume PCB testing. Learn how it works, when to use it, cost benefits, design tips, and how it compares to traditional methods—all in one expert guide.
Discover how Functional Circuit Testing (FCT) ensures your PCB works before deployment. Learn its benefits, how it compares to ICT and AOI, key equipment, real-world use cases, and best practices for reliable, defect-free electronics.
